Youth Justice in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Youth Justice in the UK - Essay Example Between arrest and sentence, it could take anywhere between 70 to 170 days. In spite of the efforts of schools and parents, training and employment, services for tackling drug and alcohol abuse, as part of the developed strategy, youth crime have not fallen much. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, sections 37 to 43 deal with crime, warnings, punishments, rehabilitation and various programmes to improve a lot of youth offenders. In spite of many efforts and Acts, youth justice had not been achieved in the UK. Â  United Nations has taken steps for international youth justice. UN Youth Flash like websites encourages youth online participation. UN General Assembly defined youth as persons between the age group of 15 and 24, both inclusive and according to this definition, UN says that approximately 1 billion youth live in the world today and 85% of them are in developing countries and 60% of them are in Asia alone. UN identifies as priority issues of youth are education, employment, hunger and poverty eradication, health, environment, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, leisure-time activities, girls and young men, the full and effective participation of youth in the life of society and in decision making. UN hopes that Governments of the world take care of these matters. UN believes in empowering youth in development and peace, keeping in mind their aspirations, and that they are the key agents for social change economic development and technological innovation. UN recognizes that it is nece ssary to encourage their imagination, ideas, energy, and vision while noting that they represent society's hope, but have uncertain future. Their intellectual contribution and ability to mobilize support is not overlooked. UN tries to maximize the resources, funding, eradicate inequalities of economic, social and political conditions, ethnic prejudice and unemployment. UN is working against gender discrimination, insecure livelihoods, conflict, exclusion, homelessness, continuous deterioration of the environment, hunger, malnutrition, disease and lack of education and employment opportunities. Â  In 1965, UN has asked the Member States to endorse the Declaration on the Promotion among Youth of the ideals of Peace, mutual respect and understanding between peoples. In 1995 it strengthened its commitment by directing international community to address youth problems like drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and social development under Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which also cover rights of health, education, and employment along with disability support. Global Youth Conferences insist on 'empowering youth for action' and that youth issues should be tackled from local, national, regional and international levels. Youth should be treated as a challenge and a resource and should be allowed for economic, social, cultural and political participation. UN reiterates working for and with Youth while laying stress on inter-cultural, inter-regional and international interactions to promote World Youth Forum of the United Nations System. Â  

Marketing Strategy at Tesco plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Strategy at Tesco plc - Essay Example Superior service quality leads to favourable behavioural intentions, customer retention, a constant revenue stream, increased spending, willingness to pay price premiums, and word-of-mouth advertising and customer capture. Verbalising good intentions is merely the first step in creating a positive attitude of satisfaction, but the second more important one is delivering on the good intentions. Kotler (1977) emphasised that a market-orientated business must focus not only on selling but on customer satisfaction but failed to emphasise the disconnection between the two. Zemke and Schaaf (1990, 53) argue that the really useful, specific, directly applicable information comes from talking to customers, constantly and often at length, to determine what the company is doing that makes them happy or not. Cronin and Taylor (1994) focus on performance measures of service quality rather than customer expectations. Piercy's (2002) customer relationship sliding scale (Fig. ... , specific, directly applicable information comes from talking to customers, constantly and often at length, to determine what the company is doing that makes them happy or not. Cronin and Taylor (1994) focus on performance measures of service quality rather than customer expectations. Customer Focus Piercy's (2002) customer relationship sliding scale (Fig. 7.1, p.344) is more complicated than the matrix used by Reinartz and Kumar (2000) to determine which types of customers are worth keeping and for whom the company must spend marketing resources to achieve retention. Its justification came from research that "it can cost five times more to get a new customer than to keep an existing one" (Weinstein et al., 1999, p. 119), following Reicheld (1994) who asserted that a 5 percent increase in loyalty can lead to a 25 to 85% increase in profitability. Pine (1993) talked of mass customisation and one-to-one marketing, echoing Hamel and Prahalad (1989) who warned of convergence of producers and customers with the Internet, which empower customers to become active co-creators of products, services, and value. Businesses have to show greater sensitivity to customer wants. Market Choices The simplified market choice diagram (Piercy, 2002, Fig. 8.1, p. 410) builds on the complex market analysis models proposed by academics such as the product-customer matrix (Piercy, 2002, Fig. 8.2, p. 412). These models build on studies made by management science academics as Freeman (1984) who proposed that the company must satisfy all of its stakeholders, quite an impossible task even for the best managers. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1994) argued for strategic choice, related to the purpose for the existence of the business. Hamel and Prahalad (1989, 75) suggested that businesses define

Childhood Obesity as a Global Epidemic

Childhood Obesity as a Global Epidemic Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and its prevalence is increasing e.g. In america, direct measures of body mass and height obtained through the national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) indicate that approximately 15% of 6 19 year olds were classified as overweight in 1999 2000. This value was up approximately 5% from 1988 to 1994 (ogden cl,p1728) All of the literature refers to similar statistics regarding childhood obesity. The list below gives some examples of the data available from the different sources. obesity has more than doubled between 1990 and 2000 in britain. one in 10 six year olds (8.5%) are obese. one in six (15%) 15 year olds is obese. if the current trends continue, one fifth of boys and one third of girls will be obese by  2020. Obesity is measured using the body mass index (bmi) for an individual. This is measured through a calculation relating height to weight and age, and there are agreed figures for obesity. 2 INTRODUCTION Obesity is measured using the body mass index (BMI), for an individual. This is measured through a calculation relating height to weight and age, and there are agreed figures for obesity. Childhood obesity is becoming a worldwide problem. All the articles that were reviewed highlight the rising levels but also look into health and school policies to tackle the problem. All the articles also support family focused approach for influencing dietary habits of the children, as well as support and involvement of the communities. Diseases which were only diagnosed in adults are now also diagnosed in the children, e.g. Heart diseases, diabetes, some cancers, hypertension and dyslipidemia. (vitale, e: 2010) Children are not fully responsible for their own health choices and rely on adults to protect and nurture them. (vitale, e : 2010). In South Africa overweight and obesity are not restricted to only one population group or socio-economic group. The South African youth risk behaviour study (www.mrc.ac.za/healthpromotion.htm) showed that overweight and obesity are very common in all age groups. 3 ARTICLES REVIEWED Vitale, E. (2010). A School Nursing approach to childhood obesity: an early chronic inflammatory disease. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 32(1), 5-16 Berg, Frances M. (2004). Underage Overweight: Americas Childhood Obesity Crisis What Every Family Needs to Know. Preventing Chronic Disease Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy, New York:Hartherleigh Press 464 p Kristen, R. Howard. (2007). Childhood Overweight: Parental Perceptions and Readiness for Change. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(2), 73-79 Armstrong, M E G, Lambert, M I, Sharwood, K A, Lambert, E V, (2006). Obesity and overweight in South African primary school children the Health of the Nation Study. 11(2), 52-64 Steyn, N P. (2005). Managing childhood obesity: a Comprehensive Approach. CME 23(11), 540-543 Goedecke, Julia H, Jennings, Courtney L, Lambert, Estelle V. (1995-2005) Obesity in South Africa. Chronic Disease of Lifestyle 65-78 Ben-Sefer E, Ben-Natan M, Ehrenfeld M, (2009). Childhood obesity: current literature, policy and implications for practice. International Nursing Review 56, 166-173 Saunders Karen L, (2007). Preventing obesity in pre-school children: a literature review. Journal of Public Health 29(4), 368-375 Van Staveren, T and Dale, D (2004). Childhood Obesity: Problems and Solutions. JOPERD 75(7), 44-49 4 RESEARCH TITLE A good title should give insight into what (what was done), whom (it was done to) and how (it was done) Vitale, E. (2010). A School Nursing approach to childhood obesity: an early chronic inflammatory disease. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 32(1), 5-16 What (was done) A School Nursing Approach Whom (it was done to) Children with Obesity How (it was done) As a Nursing Approach can be observation or questionnaires The titles of the articles reviewed communicate an intent and findings of the research that was done for the articles. All the articles reviewed titles were specific enough to describe the contents of the research that was done, but not so technical that only specialists will understand it. The titles also describe the subject matter of the article e.g. a school nursing approach to childhood obesity: a chronic inflammatory disease. All the above mentioned literature research titles were very concise and descriptive. The titles also prick me as reader and motivated me to read the whole article. PURPOSE To discuss the current literature in relation to childhood obesity and to provide health practitioners, especially nurses, with the fundamental knowledge that is imperative in the recognition of children who are at risk and thereby tailor appropriate interventions. KEYWORDS The following words was used as keywords throughout the articles that was reviewed: childhood obesity, obesity, overweight, nursing, nursing program, chronic disease The terms obese, overweight, and at risk for overweight have not been used consistently in the research literature regarding children and adolescents. Children and adolescents identified as overweight have a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific BMI-for-age growth charts DEFINITIONS Childhood Obesity Is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater as the 95th percentile. BMI = weight in kilograms à · height in meters2 The BMI of an individual is correlated to the total body fat and percentage body fat. Overweight in childhood According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), overweight in childhood is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile, based on the current growth chart designated for each gender. Overweight Overweight is generally defined as an excess of body mass (in practice this is mostly body fat), whereas obesity is defined as an abnormal excess of body fat. For this reason, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the terminology extreme overweight instead of obesity when estimates are based on relative weight indices (like the Body Mass Index, see below) rather than on direct measurement of body fat. Obesity Obesity is when there is too much body fat other than the fat tissue in our bodies. It is also defined as an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. RESEARCH PROBLEM Childhood obesity is a worldwide spread chronic disease. There are many factors contributing to this chronic disease e.g. genetics, environment,metabolism, lifestyle and behavioural components. Overweight or obesity during childhood in most of the industrialized world, a childhood obesity epidemic is evident, with the numbers rising each year. Obesity impacts many lives: male and female of all ages, races, economic background, and education status Why is obesity a chronic disease? Obesity is associated with high blood cholesterol, complications of pregnancy, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism (presence of excess body and facial hair), stress incontinence (urine leakage caused by weak pelvic-floor muscles), psychological disorders such as depression and increased surgical risk. It affects more than a quarter of the American population. Obesity may also causes other serious medical conditions e.g. cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, etc. LOGIC ARGUMENTATION Examining the work of the the above mentioned authors on the childhood obesity issue, there are a genuine challenge to achieving, legitimate, cost-efficient progress on childhood obesity. And if we are honest about why the childhood obesity problem needs to be at the top of policymakers agenda, the most compelling answer comes back to money. It is a serious medical disease that affects over a quarter of adults in the United States, and about 14% of children and adolescents. It is the second leading cause of preventable death after smoking. Berg makes a compelling and convincing argument that the dangers of childhood obesity are real by highlighting the increased risks overweight and obese American children face for obesity-related health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychological disorders. She notes, for example, that from 1979 to 1981, the annual hospital costs related to obesity among children and adolescents were $35 million; from 1997 to 1999, these costs rose to $127 million. Evidence from the literature provides proof of Bergs claims about the reality of the dangers of childhood obesity and further supports her reasonings that American society must take responsibility to reclaim the health of generations to come. There are many arguments that obese children will be stigmatized and that this will increase bullying, as well as leading to an increased number of children suffering from eating disorders in the future. A number of people In addition, feel that parents should be able to tell that their child is overweight and that the money could be put to better use by doing something to help change the situation. Many consider obesity an individual matter. However, children cannot be accountable for their weight. The children have little knowledge about the anatomy of their bodies. Children will keep eating if they see that junk food is advertise all over and ok. There are two main arguments on this issue: 1) Child obesity is mostly caused by food advertisements, and 2) Parents are not doing their jobs. Some argue that children are growing obese, because of the exposure to food advertisements. They believe that the government should step in and regulate food advertisements on children. A child becomes obese not because he or she watches advertisements, but because they sit in front of a television all day with no exercises or any other physical activities. In addition, it is believed that the schools as well as government is obligated to fix the epidemic. The generation has a major problem that will result in statistical records of people with heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. A solution to the epidemic can be the corporation between parents, the industries, and the government. Dr. Peter Nieman, (2004) a practicing pediatrician, has identified three main causes of childhood obesity: genetics, overeating and lack of exercise. He emphasizes that it is important to understand that the causes of obesity are often a combination of these three factors. Obesity if just not the result of a single factor. As the government becomes more aware of the serious problem of childhood obesity, schools in the UK are now planning to weigh and measure all children at the ages of 4-5, when they start primary school and again at 10-11, when they are about to leave for secondary education. Van Staveren.and Dales (2004) article: Childhood Obesity: Problems and Solutions discusses the problems related to the epidemic of Childhood Obesity. There are many problems that could have led to this epidemic but in their article, they only discuss the main four problems. The Authors feel that the following are the main causes for Child Obesity: Unhealthy food in schools No policies on good dietary in schools Unhealthy food in family life and A Lack of family responsibility towards children regarding their diets. There are many arguments that obese children will be stigmatized and that this will increase bullying, as well as leading to an increased number of children suffering from eating disorders in the future. A number of people, feel that parents should be able to tell that their child is overweight and that the money could be put to better use by doing something to help change the situation. Being parents, most of the people ask what they can do to help their children keep their weight under control. Parents can set a good example by providing healthy nutritious meals and not eating junk food themselves, but it is important to allow some treats, as being over strict is likely to cause friction. If the whole family learns about healthy nutritious eating and try cooking new healthy recipes together, kids wont feel they are being singled out. It is also very essential not to focus too much on food. Although it is an important part of life and can never be avoided, it should not be made the main topic of discussion in the family. If the overweight children are constantly reminded of their weight and what overeating can do to them, they could develop an unhealthy attitude towards food. So the parents must be sure to focus on other things, certain areas of life which are not stressful and which their child enjoys as well as good activities with the children e.g. jogging all together as a family in a park. People might believe that children eat no more calories than children 20 years ago. The fact is that, the increasing obesity rates are likely due to a combination of changes in both eating and exercise habits. Although the increase in calories has been difficult to define due to imperfect assessment methods, it has become very clear that children eat much more processed starch and sugar especially in the form of soda coldrinks and other sugary drinks than in past years. Parents often need to compromise or negotiate with children in regard to their food intake, and teenagers certainly make many of their own food-purchasing decisions on the basis of, in part, advertising. Marketing food to children dramatically worsened their nutritional intake. The issue on obesity continues to grow everyday, especially in newer generations. Many are saying generation x and future generations as well are going to be the only generations that are not going to outlive their parents. Childhood Obesity is a major contribution to these assumptions, it causes diseases and many other health problems. Dr William J. McCarthy uses logical argumentation with his audience by saying many children in this generation are becoming over weight. During McCarthys interview in the video Project 1a, he tries to warn parents as well and, with the use of pathos, (Pathos is a communication technique used to represents an appeal to the audiences emotions ) by frightening parents into believing their child is at a high risk of a disease. He states, they are starting to see diseases, which were really unheard, This causes parents to worry about their children and want to reduce the risk of them obtaining a disease. After hearing these facts parents may help their children eat healthier so they are not overweight and have a less chance of obtaining a disease. CONCLUSIONS From this review, it is apparent that obesity in South Africa is a growing problem in all sectors of the community, yet a particular challenge in children and urbanised black women. To address this problem and the associated morbidities in South African communities, a multi-sectoral approach is needed. This should include changes in policy aimed at creating an environment conducive and supportive for change, such as the promotion of physical activity and dietary education in schools. In addition, The opportunity for primordial prevention of obesity, particularly in children, should be promoted. These prevention strategies should be culturally sensitive and encompass programmes to improve the Education, status and economic empowerment of women. This assignment highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the systematically reviewed literature relating to the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. Prevention is not realy discussed in the existing literature and no specific approach to intervention can be recommended. As prevention is generally considered the most effective, economical and socially acceptable approach to addressing the obesity epidemic, the need for clear principles upon which to base prevention strategies must be considered an urgent research priority. The reviewed literature can provide an evidence-based framework for preventative interventions. It is clear that preventative programs should include strategies to address diet, physical activity and behavioural change. With the development of guidelines in school health care the authorities should have a better understanding for the optimal spending of public money for the sake of the health of the childhood With the development of a guideline on the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood representatives of school health care in three European countries (i.e. Croatia, flanders and slovenia) can use the same methodology in order to elaborate common evidence-based recommendations for school health services in their countries. On top of these common recommendations, some specific advices were added in accordance with the organisation of health care and school health care in the respective countries. Any country that has a high rate or increasing rate of childhood obesity must acknowledge core factors that contribute to this serious health problem. Furthermore, public policy and community involvement that include all health professionals have a responsibility in the prevention of childhood obesity. This can be implemented through education, research and advocacy of all nurses involved with children and families. Guidelines on school health care aim at increasing the effectiveness, efficiency and quality of the preventive health care as it is delivered to school aged children and adolescents. They should contribute to a better health, growth and development of children, on an individual as well as on a population level. After being informed about the principals of the guidelines, parents and children should have a clearer idea about what to expect from the school health service, and become more conscious of their own and their childrens health. Any country that has a high rate or increasing rate of childhood obesity must acknowledge core evidences that contribute to this serious health problem. This can be implemented through education, research and health education by all the nurses involved with children and families. Obesity effects thousands of Americans every year. In order to maintain a healthy weight and stop the spread of this chronic disease is by exercising and eating a balanced diet. Dont become a victim of such a deadly disease!

Drugs - Cocaine and Crack Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essay Exa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Cocaine and crack are among the most addictive substances known to modern science, and they have already ruined the lives of millions of Americans" (Morganthau and Miller, 208). Cocaine and crack are both dangerous, harmful drugs. Though pleasurable effects can be obtained from these drugs, the use of crack and cocaine cannot be worth the actual consequences that are inflicted on mind and body. The bad effects of these drugs, by far outweigh the good. Because crack and cocaine are so closely related, it is important to have a firm understanding of both drugs. Cocaine (coke) is made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and process the leaves into a paste from which cocaine is extracted (Edwards, 64). These Indians of Bolivia and Peru chew the coca leaves to obtain a mild stimulation, which helps fight fatigue that is caused by the high altitudes at which they work. Chewing the leaves does not see to harm the users, because the stimulating chemical extracted from them is in such small quantities. They stop chewing the coca leaves when they come down from the high altitudes because there is no longer any need for it (Edwards, 63). Cocaine is known as the most potent drug (Mickey, 2). It is an odorless powder, sometimes crystalline, and sometimes fluffy white. Pure cocaine hydrochloride is so potent that a one-gram dose is lethal. Because very small quantities of cocaine induce euphoria, drug dealers "cut" the pure powder of cocaine with adulterants such as mannite, dextrose, lactose, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (Edwards, 65). From cocaine comes crack, a very powerful drug that is an approximately 75... ...t?" Works Cited Beschner, George and Alfred S. Friedman. Teen Drug Use. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1986. Edwards, Gabrielle I. Coping With Drug Abuse New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1990. Knowles, Gordan James M.A. "Dealing Crack cocaine: A View From The Streets of Honolulu." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin July 1996: 1-8. Mickey, Dr. Robert. "Angel Dust, Crack, Grass, Ice, Junk." Christian Social ActionJune 1990: 8+. Morganthau, Tom and Mark Miller. "Tougher Law Enforcement Will Win the War Upon Drugs." War on Drugs. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 1990. Schroder, Donald D. "Cocaine Use Is Not Sensationalized." Chemical Dependency. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1985. Zonderman, Jon and Laurel Shader M.D.Drugs and DiseaseNew York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Drugs - Cocaine and Crack Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Essay Exa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Cocaine and crack are among the most addictive substances known to modern science, and they have already ruined the lives of millions of Americans" (Morganthau and Miller, 208). Cocaine and crack are both dangerous, harmful drugs. Though pleasurable effects can be obtained from these drugs, the use of crack and cocaine cannot be worth the actual consequences that are inflicted on mind and body. The bad effects of these drugs, by far outweigh the good. Because crack and cocaine are so closely related, it is important to have a firm understanding of both drugs. Cocaine (coke) is made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and process the leaves into a paste from which cocaine is extracted (Edwards, 64). These Indians of Bolivia and Peru chew the coca leaves to obtain a mild stimulation, which helps fight fatigue that is caused by the high altitudes at which they work. Chewing the leaves does not see to harm the users, because the stimulating chemical extracted from them is in such small quantities. They stop chewing the coca leaves when they come down from the high altitudes because there is no longer any need for it (Edwards, 63). Cocaine is known as the most potent drug (Mickey, 2). It is an odorless powder, sometimes crystalline, and sometimes fluffy white. Pure cocaine hydrochloride is so potent that a one-gram dose is lethal. Because very small quantities of cocaine induce euphoria, drug dealers "cut" the pure powder of cocaine with adulterants such as mannite, dextrose, lactose, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (Edwards, 65). From cocaine comes crack, a very powerful drug that is an approximately 75... ...t?" Works Cited Beschner, George and Alfred S. Friedman. Teen Drug Use. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1986. Edwards, Gabrielle I. Coping With Drug Abuse New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1990. Knowles, Gordan James M.A. "Dealing Crack cocaine: A View From The Streets of Honolulu." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin July 1996: 1-8. Mickey, Dr. Robert. "Angel Dust, Crack, Grass, Ice, Junk." Christian Social ActionJune 1990: 8+. Morganthau, Tom and Mark Miller. "Tougher Law Enforcement Will Win the War Upon Drugs." War on Drugs. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 1990. Schroder, Donald D. "Cocaine Use Is Not Sensationalized." Chemical Dependency. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1985. Zonderman, Jon and Laurel Shader M.D.Drugs and DiseaseNew York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Pain Management

PAIN MANAGEMENT WITH THE CORRECT TOOLS Lorin Fernandez TESC Health Assessment NUR-416 Dr. Pamela S. Card February 24, 2013 Introduction Cancer patients, end of life patients, patients with chronic diseases, and patients with a simple complaint of pain are all entitled to the best pain management available for their specific needs. This topic is of particularly important for nursing professionals who need to have the knowledge to adequately assess and manage a patient’s pain with the correct tools in the various clinical settings.Pain is not one dimensional; author Hughes presents a detailed article describing all three chronic pain syndromes that are relevant to palliative care. Authors Arbour and Gelinas provide a glimpse into the implementation of the newly created Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Arbour, C. , & Gelinas, C. (2011, December). Setting Goals For Pain Management When Using A Behavioral Scale: Example With The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Criti cal Care Nurse, 31(6), 66-68. ttp://dx. doi. org/Ebscohost The article presents the new implementation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). The CPOT was developed to help critical care nurses recognize pain in their critical nonverbal patients. The tool has been developed to help the healthcare provider assess the patient’s pain through a whole body assessment. The table incorporates a facial expression marker, body movement, ventilator assessment, and muscle tension evaluation.The scores are rated from 0 to 2 in each category with a total score from 0 to 8. The behavioral observational tool has been shown to be effective in helping nurses discriminate between pain and other states of anxiety or fear. Hughes, I. D. (2012, July). Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care. Advanced illness, 24(6), 23-29. http://dx. doi. org/EbsCohost Palliative by definition is relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the und erlying cause.Patients in need of palliative care for the most part have a poor prognosis due to active progressive, advance disease. Author Hughes presents nursing to play a key role in palliative care because of the interaction with patients in their daily routine. Author Hughes also points how important it is to have a knowledgeable nursing staff that can properly aid patients in their time of need. Conclusion In essence the primary goal of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients utilizing pain management and holistic care to achieve patient comfort.Both palliative and critical care settings utilize the three definitions of pain syndromes for pain management. Both palliative and critical care use their own set of tools specially designed to help aid in the treatment of their particular patient population. This author found the articles provided insight into two completely different therapeutic areas for which the primary goal is to properly treat, asse ss, and holistically manage patient’s pain. References Arbour, C. , & Gelinas, C. (2011, December). Setting Goals For Pain Management When Using A Behavioral Scale:Example With The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Critical Care Nurse, 31(6), 66-68. http://dx. doi. org/Ebscohost Hughes, I. D. (2012, July). Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care. Advanced illness, 24(6), 23-29. http://dx. doi. org/EbsCohost

Edgar Allen Poe Alcohol’

Sam Doueiri Edgar Allan Poe and substance abuse The Bottled Curse Edgar Allan Poe was one of America’s most celebrated poet and story teller. His life started early with misfortune. Both of his parents were already dead, when Edgar was 3 years old. His father died of tuberculosis and his mother died of tuberculosis and pneumonia. He was adopted and attended school until he was 17 years old. He started the abuse of alcohol with 17 and he started gambling.As his adopting father figured out, he stopped all financial supports of his adopted son. Edgar had to leave the University and he enlisted in the U. S. military, and later obtained a military school. Edgar Allan Poe was expelled from the military school after one year attending. During his time in this school he published his first poetry book. Over the years Poe established a reputation as a writer. Drinking remained a lifelong problem. Edgar adopted a lifestyle which included a constant abuse of alcohol.Although writing brou ght him fame, he had to struggle through his whole life with financial issues. Because of the leaking copyright protection to his time, he never was financially rewarded for his excellent masterpieces of poetry and literature. Therefore he struggled through his whole life with money issues. Throughout most of his writings Edgar Allan Poe mentions the abuse of alcohol â€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity. During these fits of absolute unconsciousness I drank †¦ God only knows how often or how much.As a matter of course, my enemies referred the insanity to the drink rather than the drink to the insanity. † Courtney JF: â€Å"Addiction and Edgar Ellen Poe† Med Times 1972; 100:162-163. He started in a young age with the excessive abuse of alcohol, as a classmate recalled: â€Å"He would always seize the tempting glass, generally unmixed with sugar or water- in fact, perfectly straight- and without the least apparent pleasure, swallow the cont ents, never pausing until the last drop had passed his lips. Bonaparte M: â€Å"The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe†, Imago Pub, London 1949:31-32 Alcohol appears frequently in Poe’s stories, usually connected to some following violent act or event: † One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body; and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fiber of my frame.I took from my waistcoat-pocket a penknife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket†¦. When reason returned with the morning- when I had slept off the fumes of the night’s debauchery-I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty; but it was, at best, a feeble and equivocal feeling, and the soul remained untouched. I again plunged into excess, and soon drowned in wine all memory of the deed. † Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat† www. heliterature network. com pages 2-5. In conclusion, Alcohol abuse became a part of Edgar Allan Poe’s life, it affected his writings his perception and his creativity. He went into almost a â€Å"Dark Side† in his life and gave little windows of his mind through his literature. It seems almost as if the Alcohol took overhand and had finally a body of mind, from which on the Alcohol himself and parts of Poe’s personality were writing in between two different worlds, the â€Å"Dark side† and the â€Å"pure and innocent side† of life.His way of writing very â€Å" Dark† finds an interesting base of making the reader being curious what will happen next. It is† miserable† itself what makes the reader keep reading. Courtney JF: â€Å"Addiction and Edgar Ellen Poe† Med Times 1972; 100:162-163. Bonaparte M: â€Å"The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe†, Imago Pub, London 1949:31-32 Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat† www. theliterature network. com pages 2-5.